Movement

Movement (low level)

view

view(shape: tuple[sint, ...], *args) -> Tensor

.view is an alias for .reshape.

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def view(self, shape:tuple[sint, ...], *args) -> Tensor:
  """`.view` is an alias for `.reshape`."""
  return self.reshape(shape, *args)

reshape

reshape(shape, *args) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor with the same data as the original tensor but with a different shape. shape can be passed as a tuple or as separate arguments.

t = Tensor.arange(6)
print(t.reshape(2, 3).numpy())

[[0 1 2]
 [3 4 5]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def reshape(self, shape, *args) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor with the same data as the original tensor but with a different shape.
  `shape` can be passed as a tuple or as separate arguments.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(6)
  print(t.reshape(2, 3).numpy())
  ```
  """
  # resolve None and args
  new_shape = tuple([s if s is not None else self.shape[i] for i,s in enumerate(argfix(shape, *args))])
  # resolve -1
  if (c := new_shape.count(-1)) > 1: raise RuntimeError(f"only one dimension can be inferred using -1, getting {new_shape}")
  if c: new_shape = tuple([-prod(self.shape) // prod(new_shape) if s == -1 else s for s in new_shape])
  return self._apply_uop(UOp.reshape, arg=new_shape) if new_shape != self.shape else self

expand

expand(shape, *args) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor that is expanded to the shape that is specified. Expand can also increase the number of dimensions that a tensor has.

Passing a -1 or None to a dimension means that its size will not be changed.

t = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
print(t.expand(4, -1).numpy())

[[1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def expand(self, shape, *args) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor that is expanded to the shape that is specified.
  Expand can also increase the number of dimensions that a tensor has.

  Passing a `-1` or `None` to a dimension means that its size will not be changed.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
  print(t.expand(4, -1).numpy())
  ```
  """
  new_shape = tuple(from_ if to == -1 or to is None else to for from_, to in zip(*(_align_left(self.shape, argfix(shape, *args)))))
  return self._broadcast_to(new_shape)

permute

permute(order, *args) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor that is a permutation of the original tensor. The new tensor has the same data as the original tensor but with the dimensions permuted according to the order specified. order can be passed as a tuple or as separate arguments.

t = Tensor.empty(2, 3, 5)
print(t.shape)

(2, 3, 5)

print(t.permute(2, 0, 1).shape)

(5, 2, 3)

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def permute(self, order, *args) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor that is a permutation of the original tensor.
  The new tensor has the same data as the original tensor but with the dimensions permuted according to the order specified.
  `order` can be passed as a tuple or as separate arguments.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.empty(2, 3, 5)
  print(t.shape)
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.permute(2, 0, 1).shape)
  ```
  """
  order_arg = tuple(self._resolve_dim(x) for x in argfix(order, *args))
  if sorted(order_arg) != list(range(self.ndim)): raise RuntimeError(f"order is not a valid permutation, getting {order_arg}")
  return self._apply_uop(UOp.permute, arg=order_arg)

flip

flip(axis, *args) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor that reverses the order of the original tensor along given axis. axis can be passed as a tuple or as separate arguments.

t = Tensor.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
print(t.numpy())

[[0 1 2]
 [3 4 5]]

print(t.flip(0).numpy())

[[3 4 5]
 [0 1 2]]

print(t.flip((0, 1)).numpy())

[[5 4 3]
 [2 1 0]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def flip(self, axis, *args) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor that reverses the order of the original tensor along given `axis`.
  `axis` can be passed as a tuple or as separate arguments.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
  print(t.numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.flip(0).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.flip((0, 1)).numpy())
  ```
  """
  axis_arg = tuple(self._resolve_dim(x) for x in argfix(axis, *args))
  if len(axis_arg) != len(dedup(axis_arg)): raise RuntimeError(f"dim can appear at most once, getting {axis_arg}")
  return self._apply_uop(UOp.flip, arg=tuple([i in axis_arg for i in range(len(self.shape))]))

shrink

shrink(arg: tuple[tuple[sint, sint] | None, ...]) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor that shrinks the each axis based on input arg. arg must have the same length as self.ndim. For each axis, it can be None, which means no shrink, or a tuple (start, end) that works the same as Python slice.

t = Tensor.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
print(t.numpy())

[[0 1 2]
 [3 4 5]
 [6 7 8]]

print(t.shrink(((None, (1, 3)))).numpy())

[[1 2]
 [4 5]
 [7 8]]

print(t.shrink((((0, 2), (0, 2)))).numpy())

[[0 1]
 [3 4]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def shrink(self, arg:tuple[tuple[sint, sint]|None, ...]) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor that shrinks the each axis based on input arg.
  `arg` must have the same length as `self.ndim`.
  For each axis, it can be `None`, which means no shrink, or a tuple `(start, end)` that works the same as Python slice.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(9).reshape(3, 3)
  print(t.numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.shrink(((None, (1, 3)))).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.shrink((((0, 2), (0, 2)))).numpy())
  ```
  """
  if (shrink_arg:=[x if x is not None else (0,s) for x,s in zip(arg, self.shape)]) == [(0,s) for s in self.shape]: return self
  return self._apply_uop(UOp.shrink, arg=tuple(shrink_arg))

pad

pad(
    padding: (
        Sequence[sint] | Sequence[tuple[sint, sint] | None]
    ),
    mode: str = "constant",
    value: float = 0.0,
) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor with padding applied based on the input padding.

padding supports two padding structures:

1. Flat padding: (padding_left, padding_right, padding_top, padding_bottom, ...)

   • This structure matches PyTorch's pad.
   • padding length must be even.

2. Group padding: (..., (padding_top, padding_bottom), (padding_left, padding_right))

   • This structure matches pad for JAX, NumPy, TensorFlow, and others.
   • For each axis, padding can be None, meaning no padding, or a tuple (start, end).
   • padding must have the same length as self.ndim.

Padding values can be negative, resulting in dimension shrinks that work similarly to Python negative slices. Padding modes is selected with mode which supports constant, reflect and replicate.

t = Tensor.arange(9).reshape(1, 1, 3, 3)
print(t.numpy())

[[[[0 1 2]
   [3 4 5]
   [6 7 8]]]]

print(t.pad((1, 2, 0, -1)).numpy())

[[[[0 0 1 2 0 0]
   [0 3 4 5 0 0]]]]

print(t.pad(((None, None, (0, -1), (1, 2)))).numpy())

[[[[0 0 1 2 0 0]
   [0 3 4 5 0 0]]]]

print(t.pad((1, 2, 0, -1), value=-float('inf')).numpy())

[[[[-inf   0.   1.   2. -inf -inf]
   [-inf   3.   4.   5. -inf -inf]]]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def pad(self, padding:Sequence[sint]|Sequence[tuple[sint, sint]|None], mode:str="constant", value:float=0.0) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor with padding applied based on the input `padding`.

  `padding` supports two padding structures:

  1. Flat padding: `(padding_left, padding_right, padding_top, padding_bottom, ...)`
      - This structure matches PyTorch's pad.
      - `padding` length must be even.

  2. Group padding: `(..., (padding_top, padding_bottom), (padding_left, padding_right))`
      - This structure matches pad for JAX, NumPy, TensorFlow, and others.
      - For each axis, padding can be `None`, meaning no padding, or a tuple `(start, end)`.
      - `padding` must have the same length as `self.ndim`.

  Padding values can be negative, resulting in dimension shrinks that work similarly to Python negative slices.
  Padding modes is selected with `mode` which supports `constant`, `reflect` and `replicate`.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(9).reshape(1, 1, 3, 3)
  print(t.numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.pad((1, 2, 0, -1)).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.pad(((None, None, (0, -1), (1, 2)))).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.pad((1, 2, 0, -1), value=-float('inf')).numpy())
  ```
  """
  if mode not in {"constant", "reflect", "replicate", "circular"}: raise NotImplementedError(f"{mode=} is not supported")
  # flat padding
  if all(isinstance(p, (int,UOp)) for p in padding):
    if len(padding)%2 != 0: raise ValueError("Flat padding must have even number of pads")
    pX = _flat_to_grouped(tuple(cast(Sequence[sint], padding)) + (0,0)*(self.ndim - len(padding)//2))
  # group padding
  else: pX = tuple((0,0) if p is None else p for p in cast(Sequence[tuple[sint, sint]|None], padding))
  if len(pX) != self.ndim: raise ValueError(f"padding length is improper, {padding=} {self.ndim=}")
  X, pads = self, tuple((smax(pB,0), smax(pA,0)) for pB,pA in pX)
  if mode == "constant":
    def _constant(x:Tensor,px,v) -> Tensor:
      return x._apply_uop(UOp.pad, arg=px) if v == 0 else (x._apply_uop(UOp.pad, arg=px)+Tensor.ones_like(x)._apply_uop(UOp.pad, arg=px).where(0,v))
    return _constant(X, pX, value) if all(resolve(p >= 0) for p in flatten(pX)) else \
           _constant(X.shrink(tuple((-smin(pB,0),smin(pA+s,s)) for (pB,pA),s in zip(pX, X.shape))), pads, value)
  assert all_int(self.shape), f"does not support symbolic shape {self.shape}"
  if mode == "circular":
    if any(pB>sh or pA>sh for (pB,pA),sh in zip(pX, X.shape)): raise ValueError('Padding value causes wrapping around more than once.')
    if any(pB<0 or pA<0 for pB,pA in pX): raise NotImplementedError("Negative pads with circular pads is not supported")
    orig_shape, X = X.shape, X.repeat(tuple(1 + bool(pB) + bool(pA) for pB,pA in pads))
    return X.shrink(tuple((0 if pB == 0 else osh-pB, xsh if pA == 0 else xsh-osh+pA) for (pB,pA),osh,xsh in zip(pads, orig_shape, X.shape)))
  for d,(pB,pA) in enumerate(pads):
    if mode == "reflect":
      if pB >= (s:=X.shape[d]) or pA>=s: raise ValueError(f"Padding ({pB}, {pA}) should be less than the input size={s} for dim={d}.")
      slcB, slcA, = slice(pB,0,-1), slice(s-2 if s-2>=0 else None, s-2-pA if s-2-pA>=0 else None, -1)
      xB, xA = (X[[slc if i == d else slice(None) for i in range(X.ndim)]] if p > 0 else None for slc, p in ((slcB, pB), (slcA, pA)))
    if mode == "replicate":
      shrB, shrA, = tuple((0,1) if i==d else None for i in range(X.ndim)), tuple((X.shape[i]-1,X.shape[i]) if i==d else None for i in range(X.ndim))
      xB, xA = (X.shrink(shr).expand(tuple(p if i==d else None for i in range(X.ndim))) if p > 0 else None for shr, p in ((shrB, pB), (shrA, pA)))
    X = Tensor.cat(*(X_ for X_ in (xB, X, xA) if X_ is not None), dim=d)
  return X.shrink(tuple((-min(pB,0), min(pA+s,s)) for (pB,pA),s in zip(pX, X.shape)))

Movement (high level)

__getitem__

__getitem__(indices) -> Tensor

Retrieves a sub-tensor using indexing.

Supported Index Types: int | slice | Tensor | None | list | tuple | Ellipsis

Examples:

t = Tensor.arange(12).reshape(3, 4)
print(t.numpy())

[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [ 4  5  6  7]
 [ 8  9 10 11]]

• Int Indexing: Select an element or sub-tensor using integers for each dimension.

  print(t[1, 2].numpy())
  

  6
  

• Slice Indexing: Select a range of elements using slice notation (start:end:stride).

  print(t[0:2, ::2].numpy())
  

  [[0 2]
   [4 6]]
  

• Tensor Indexing: Use another tensor as indices for advanced indexing. Using tuple or list here also works.

  print(t[Tensor([2, 0, 1]), Tensor([1, 2, 3])].numpy())
  

  [9 2 7]
  

• None Indexing: Add a new dimension to the tensor.

  print(t[:, None].shape)
  

  (3, 1, 4)
  

Note

Out-of-bounds indexing results in a value of 0.

t = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
print(t[Tensor([4, 3, 2])].numpy())

[0 0 3]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def __getitem__(self, indices) -> Tensor:
  """
  Retrieves a sub-tensor using indexing.

  Supported Index Types: `int | slice | Tensor | None | list | tuple | Ellipsis`

  Examples:
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(12).reshape(3, 4)
  print(t.numpy())
  ```

  - Int Indexing: Select an element or sub-tensor using integers for each dimension.
    ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
    print(t[1, 2].numpy())
    ```

  - Slice Indexing: Select a range of elements using slice notation (`start:end:stride`).
    ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
    print(t[0:2, ::2].numpy())
    ```

  - Tensor Indexing: Use another tensor as indices for advanced indexing. Using `tuple` or `list` here also works.
    ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
    print(t[Tensor([2, 0, 1]), Tensor([1, 2, 3])].numpy())
    ```

  - `None` Indexing: Add a new dimension to the tensor.
    ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
    print(t[:, None].shape)
    ```

  NOTE: Out-of-bounds indexing results in a value of `0`.
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
  print(t[Tensor([4, 3, 2])].numpy())
  ```
  """
  return self._getitem(indices)

gather

gather(dim: int, index: Tensor) -> Tensor

Gathers values along an axis specified by dim.

t = Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(t.numpy())

[[1 2]
 [3 4]]

print(t.gather(1, Tensor([[0, 0], [1, 0]])).numpy())

[[1 1]
 [4 3]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def gather(self:Tensor, dim:int, index:Tensor) -> Tensor:
  """
  Gathers values along an axis specified by `dim`.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
  print(t.numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.gather(1, Tensor([[0, 0], [1, 0]])).numpy())
  ```
  """
  assert index.ndim == self.ndim, f"self.ndim must equal index.ndim, {self.ndim=}, {index.ndim=}"
  dim = self._resolve_dim(dim)
  assert all(s >= i for d,(s,i) in enumerate(zip(self.shape, index.shape)) if d != dim), "requires self.shape[d] >= index.shape[d] for all d != dim"
  index = index.to(self.device)
  x = self.shrink(tuple((0, i) if d != dim else None for d,i in enumerate(index.shape))).unsqueeze(-1).transpose(-1, dim)
  return (x * index.unsqueeze(-1)._one_hot_along_dim(self.shape[dim])).sum(-1, dtype=self.dtype)

cat

cat(*args: Tensor, dim: int = 0) -> Tensor

Concatenates self with other Tensor in args along an axis specified by dim. All tensors must have the same shape except in the concatenating dimension.

t0, t1, t2 = Tensor([[1, 2]]), Tensor([[3, 4]]), Tensor([[5, 6]])
print(t0.cat(t1, t2, dim=0).numpy())

[[1 2]
 [3 4]
 [5 6]]

print(t0.cat(t1, t2, dim=1).numpy())

[[1 2 3 4 5 6]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def cat(self:Tensor, *args:Tensor, dim:int=0) -> Tensor:
  """
  Concatenates self with other `Tensor` in `args` along an axis specified by `dim`.
  All tensors must have the same shape except in the concatenating dimension.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t0, t1, t2 = Tensor([[1, 2]]), Tensor([[3, 4]]), Tensor([[5, 6]])
  print(t0.cat(t1, t2, dim=0).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t0.cat(t1, t2, dim=1).numpy())
  ```
  """
  dim = self._resolve_dim(dim)
  for arg in args: assert arg.ndim==self.ndim and all(ti==ai for i,(ti,ai) in enumerate(zip(self.shape, arg.shape)) if i!=dim)
  tensors = [self, *args]
  dim_cumsum = list(itertools.accumulate([t.shape[dim] for t in tensors], initial=0))
  for i,t in enumerate(tensors): tensors[i] = t.pad([(dim_cumsum[i], dim_cumsum[-1]-dim_cumsum[i+1]) if j==dim else None for j in range(t.ndim)])
  return functools.reduce(Tensor.add, tensors)

stack

stack(*args: Tensor, dim: int = 0) -> Tensor

Concatenates self with other Tensor in args along a new dimension specified by dim.

t0, t1, t2 = Tensor([1, 2]), Tensor([3, 4]), Tensor([5, 6])
print(t0.stack(t1, t2, dim=0).numpy())

[[1 2]
 [3 4]
 [5 6]]

print(t0.stack(t1, t2, dim=1).numpy())

[[1 3 5]
 [2 4 6]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def stack(self:Tensor, *args:Tensor, dim:int=0) -> Tensor:
  """
  Concatenates self with other `Tensor` in `args` along a new dimension specified by `dim`.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t0, t1, t2 = Tensor([1, 2]), Tensor([3, 4]), Tensor([5, 6])
  print(t0.stack(t1, t2, dim=0).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t0.stack(t1, t2, dim=1).numpy())
  ```
  """
  # checks for shapes and number of dimensions delegated to cat
  return Tensor.cat(*[t.unsqueeze(dim) for t in argfix(self, *args)], dim=dim)

repeat

repeat(repeats, *args) -> Tensor

Repeats tensor number of times along each dimension specified by repeats. repeats can be passed as a tuple or as separate arguments.

t = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
print(t.repeat(4, 2).numpy())

[[1 2 3 1 2 3]
 [1 2 3 1 2 3]
 [1 2 3 1 2 3]
 [1 2 3 1 2 3]]

print(t.repeat(4, 2, 1).shape)

(4, 2, 3)

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def repeat(self, repeats, *args) -> Tensor:
  """
  Repeats tensor number of times along each dimension specified by `repeats`.
  `repeats` can be passed as a tuple or as separate arguments.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
  print(t.repeat(4, 2).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.repeat(4, 2, 1).shape)
  ```
  """
  repeats = argfix(repeats, *args)
  base_shape = _align_left(self.shape, repeats)[0]
  unsqueezed_shape = flatten([[1, s] for s in base_shape])
  expanded_shape = flatten([[r, s] for r,s in zip(repeats, base_shape)])
  final_shape = [r*s for r,s in zip(repeats, base_shape)]
  return self.reshape(unsqueezed_shape).expand(expanded_shape).reshape(final_shape)

repeat_interleave

repeat_interleave(
    repeats: int, dim: int | None = None
) -> Tensor

Repeats elements of a tensor.

t = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
print(t.repeat_interleave(2).numpy())

[1 1 2 2 3 3]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def repeat_interleave(self, repeats:int, dim:int|None=None) -> Tensor:
  """
  Repeats elements of a tensor.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor([1, 2, 3])
  print(t.repeat_interleave(2).numpy())
  ```
  """
  x, dim = (self.flatten(), 0) if dim is None else (self, self._resolve_dim(dim))
  shp = x.shape
  return x.reshape(*shp[:dim+1], 1, *shp[dim+1:]).expand(*shp[:dim+1], repeats, *shp[dim+1:]).reshape(*shp[:dim], shp[dim]*repeats, *shp[dim+1:])

split

split(
    sizes: int | Sequence[int], dim: int = 0
) -> tuple[Tensor, ...]

Splits the tensor into chunks along the dimension specified by dim. If sizes is an integer, it splits into equally sized chunks if possible, otherwise the last chunk will be smaller. If sizes is a list, it splits into len(sizes) chunks with size in dim according to size.

t = Tensor.arange(10).reshape(5, 2)
print(t.numpy())

[[0 1]
 [2 3]
 [4 5]
 [6 7]
 [8 9]]

split = t.split(2)
print("\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in split]))

array([[0, 1],
       [2, 3]], dtype=int32)
array([[4, 5],
       [6, 7]], dtype=int32)
array([[8, 9]], dtype=int32)

split = t.split([1, 4])
print("\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in split]))

array([[0, 1]], dtype=int32)
array([[2, 3],
       [4, 5],
       [6, 7],
       [8, 9]], dtype=int32)

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def split(self, sizes:int|Sequence[int], dim:int=0) -> tuple[Tensor, ...]:
  """
  Splits the tensor into chunks along the dimension specified by `dim`.
  If `sizes` is an integer, it splits into equally sized chunks if possible, otherwise the last chunk will be smaller.
  If `sizes` is a list, it splits into `len(sizes)` chunks with size in `dim` according to `size`.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(10).reshape(5, 2)
  print(t.numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  split = t.split(2)
  print("\\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in split]))
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  split = t.split([1, 4])
  print("\\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in split]))
  ```
  """
  assert all_int(self.shape), f"does not support symbolic shape {self.shape}"
  dim = self._resolve_dim(dim)
  if isinstance(sizes, int): sizes = [min(sizes, self.shape[dim]-i) for i in range(0, max(1, self.shape[dim]), max(1, sizes))]
  assert sum(sizes) == self.shape[dim], f"expect sizes to sum exactly to {self.shape[dim]}, but got {sum(sizes)}"
  return tuple(self[sl] for sl in [tuple([slice(None)]*dim + [slice(sum(sizes[:i]), sum(sizes[:i + 1]))]) for i in range(len(sizes))])

chunk

chunk(chunks: int, dim: int = 0) -> list[Tensor]

Splits the tensor into chunks number of chunks along the dimension dim. If the tensor size along dim is not divisible by chunks, all returned chunks will be the same size except the last one. The function may return fewer than the specified number of chunks.

chunked = Tensor.arange(11).chunk(6)
print("\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in chunked]))

array([0, 1], dtype=int32)
array([2, 3], dtype=int32)
array([4, 5], dtype=int32)
array([6, 7], dtype=int32)
array([8, 9], dtype=int32)
array([10], dtype=int32)

chunked = Tensor.arange(12).chunk(6)
print("\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in chunked]))

array([0, 1], dtype=int32)
array([2, 3], dtype=int32)
array([4, 5], dtype=int32)
array([6, 7], dtype=int32)
array([8, 9], dtype=int32)
array([10, 11], dtype=int32)

chunked = Tensor.arange(13).chunk(6)
print("\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in chunked]))

array([0, 1, 2], dtype=int32)
array([3, 4, 5], dtype=int32)
array([6, 7, 8], dtype=int32)
array([ 9, 10, 11], dtype=int32)
array([12], dtype=int32)

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def chunk(self, chunks:int, dim:int=0) -> list[Tensor]:
  """
  Splits the tensor into `chunks` number of chunks along the dimension `dim`.
  If the tensor size along `dim` is not divisible by `chunks`, all returned chunks will be the same size except the last one.
  The function may return fewer than the specified number of chunks.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  chunked = Tensor.arange(11).chunk(6)
  print("\\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in chunked]))
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  chunked = Tensor.arange(12).chunk(6)
  print("\\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in chunked]))
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  chunked = Tensor.arange(13).chunk(6)
  print("\\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in chunked]))
  ```
  """
  assert all_int(self.shape), f"does not support symbolic shape {self.shape}"
  assert chunks > 0, f"expect chunks to be greater than 0, got: {chunks}"
  dim = self._resolve_dim(dim)
  return list(self.split(ceildiv(self.shape[dim], chunks) if self.shape[dim] else [0]*chunks, dim=dim))

unfold

unfold(dim: int, size: sint, step: int) -> Tensor

Unfolds the tensor along dimension dim into overlapping windows.

Each window has length size and begins every step elements of self. Returns the input tensor with dimension dim replaced by dims (n_windows, size) where n_windows = (self.shape[dim] - size) // step + 1.

unfolded = Tensor.arange(8).unfold(0,2,2)
print("\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in unfolded]))

array([0, 1], dtype=int32)
array([2, 3], dtype=int32)
array([4, 5], dtype=int32)
array([6, 7], dtype=int32)

unfolded = Tensor.arange(27).reshape(3,3,3).unfold(-1,2,3)
print("\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in unfolded]))

array([[[0, 1]],

       [[3, 4]],

       [[6, 7]]], dtype=int32)
array([[[ 9, 10]],

       [[12, 13]],

       [[15, 16]]], dtype=int32)
array([[[18, 19]],

       [[21, 22]],

       [[24, 25]]], dtype=int32)

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def unfold(self, dim:int, size:sint, step:int) -> Tensor:
  """
  Unfolds the tensor along dimension `dim` into overlapping windows.

  Each window has length `size` and begins every `step` elements of `self`.
  Returns the input tensor with dimension `dim` replaced by dims `(n_windows, size)`
  where `n_windows = (self.shape[dim] - size) // step + 1`.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  unfolded = Tensor.arange(8).unfold(0,2,2)
  print("\\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in unfolded]))
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  unfolded = Tensor.arange(27).reshape(3,3,3).unfold(-1,2,3)
  print("\\n".join([repr(x.numpy()) for x in unfolded]))
  ```
  """
  if size < 0: raise RuntimeError(f'size must be >= 0 but got {size=}')
  if step <= 0: raise RuntimeError(f'step must be > 0 but got {step=}')
  if size > self.shape[dim]: raise RuntimeError(f'maximum size for tensor at dimension {dim} is {self.shape[dim]} but size is {size}')
  dim = self._resolve_dim(dim)
  perm_to_last = tuple(i for i in range(self.ndim) if i != dim) + (dim,)
  return self.permute(perm_to_last)._pool((size,), step).permute(argsort(perm_to_last) + (self.ndim,))

meshgrid

meshgrid(
    *args: Tensor, indexing: Literal["ij", "xy"] = "ij"
) -> tuple[Tensor, ...]

Generates coordinate matrices from coordinate vectors. Input tensors can be scalars or 1D tensors.

indexing determines how the output grids are aligned. ij indexing follows matrix-style indexing and xy indexing follows Cartesian-style indexing.

x, y = Tensor([1, 2, 3]), Tensor([4, 5, 6])
grid_x, grid_y = x.meshgrid(y)
print(grid_x.numpy())
print(grid_y.numpy())

[[1 1 1]
 [2 2 2]
 [3 3 3]]
[[4 5 6]
 [4 5 6]
 [4 5 6]]

grid_x, grid_y = x.meshgrid(y, indexing="xy")
print(grid_x.numpy())
print(grid_y.numpy())

[[1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]
 [1 2 3]]
[[4 4 4]
 [5 5 5]
 [6 6 6]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def meshgrid(self:Tensor, *args:Tensor, indexing:Literal["ij", "xy"]="ij") -> tuple[Tensor, ...]:
  """
  Generates coordinate matrices from coordinate vectors.
  Input tensors can be scalars or 1D tensors.

  `indexing` determines how the output grids are aligned.
  `ij` indexing follows matrix-style indexing and `xy` indexing follows Cartesian-style indexing.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  x, y = Tensor([1, 2, 3]), Tensor([4, 5, 6])
  grid_x, grid_y = x.meshgrid(y)
  print(grid_x.numpy())
  print(grid_y.numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  grid_x, grid_y = x.meshgrid(y, indexing="xy")
  print(grid_x.numpy())
  print(grid_y.numpy())
  ```
  """
  if indexing not in ("ij", "xy"): raise RuntimeError(f'indexing must be in ("ij", "xy"), got {indexing}')
  if len(tensors:=(self, *args)) == 1: return tensors
  basis = tuple(range(len(tensors))) if indexing == "ij" else (1, 0) + tuple(range(2, len(tensors)))
  tensors = tuple(t.reshape((-1,) + (1,)*(len(args) - i)) for i,t in zip(basis, tensors))
  output_shape = _broadcast_shape(*(t.shape for t in tensors))
  return tuple(t._broadcast_to(output_shape) for t in tensors)

squeeze

squeeze(dim: int | None = None) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor with specified dimensions of input of size 1 removed. If dim is not specified, all dimensions with size 1 are removed.

t = Tensor.zeros(2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
print(t.squeeze().shape)

(2, 2, 2)

print(t.squeeze(0).shape)

(2, 1, 2, 1, 2)

print(t.squeeze(1).shape)

(2, 2, 1, 2)

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def squeeze(self, dim:int|None=None) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor with specified dimensions of input of size 1 removed.
  If `dim` is not specified, all dimensions with size 1 are removed.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.zeros(2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
  print(t.squeeze().shape)
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.squeeze(0).shape)
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.squeeze(1).shape)
  ```
  """
  if dim is None: return self.reshape(tuple(dim for dim in self.shape if dim != 1))
  dim = self._resolve_dim(dim)
  return self if not self.ndim or self.shape[dim] != 1 else self.reshape(self.shape[:dim] + self.shape[dim+1:])

unsqueeze

unsqueeze(dim: int) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor with a new dimension of size 1 inserted at the specified dim.

t = Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(t.unsqueeze(0).numpy())

[[1 2 3 4]]

print(t.unsqueeze(1).numpy())

[[1]
 [2]
 [3]
 [4]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def unsqueeze(self, dim:int) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor with a new dimension of size 1 inserted at the specified `dim`.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor([1, 2, 3, 4])
  print(t.unsqueeze(0).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.unsqueeze(1).numpy())
  ```
  """
  dim = self._resolve_dim(dim, extra=True)
  return self.reshape(self.shape[:dim] + (1,) + self.shape[dim:])

T property

T: Tensor

.T is an alias for .transpose().

transpose

transpose(dim0=1, dim1=0) -> Tensor

Returns a tensor that is a transposed version of the original tensor. The given dimensions dim0 and dim1 are swapped.

t = Tensor.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
print(t.numpy())

[[0 1 2]
 [3 4 5]]

print(t.transpose(0, 1).numpy())

[[0 3]
 [1 4]
 [2 5]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def transpose(self, dim0=1, dim1=0) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a tensor that is a transposed version of the original tensor.
  The given dimensions `dim0` and `dim1` are swapped.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(6).reshape(2, 3)
  print(t.numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.transpose(0, 1).numpy())
  ```
  """
  order = list(range(self.ndim))
  order[dim0], order[dim1] = order[dim1], order[dim0]
  return self.permute(order)

flatten

flatten(start_dim=0, end_dim=-1) -> Tensor

Flattens the tensor by reshaping it into a one-dimensional tensor. If start_dim or end_dim are passed, only dimensions starting with start_dim and ending with end_dim are flattened.

t = Tensor.arange(8).reshape(2, 2, 2)
print(t.flatten().numpy())

[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7]

print(t.flatten(start_dim=1).numpy())

[[0 1 2 3]
 [4 5 6 7]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def flatten(self, start_dim=0, end_dim=-1) -> Tensor:
  """
  Flattens the tensor by reshaping it into a one-dimensional tensor.
  If `start_dim` or `end_dim` are passed, only dimensions starting with `start_dim` and ending with `end_dim` are flattened.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(8).reshape(2, 2, 2)
  print(t.flatten().numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.flatten(start_dim=1).numpy())
  ```
  """
  start_dim, end_dim = self._resolve_dim(start_dim), self._resolve_dim(end_dim)
  return self.reshape(self.shape[:start_dim] + (prod(self.shape[start_dim:end_dim+1]), ) + self.shape[end_dim+1:])

unflatten

unflatten(dim: int, sizes: tuple[int, ...]) -> Tensor

Unflattens dimension dim of the tensor into multiple dimensions specified by sizes. Tensor.flatten() is the inverse of this function.

print(Tensor.ones(3, 4, 1).unflatten(1, (2, 2)).shape)

(3, 2, 2, 1)

print(Tensor.ones(3, 4, 1).unflatten(1, (-1, 2)).shape)

(3, 2, 2, 1)

print(Tensor.ones(5, 12, 3).unflatten(-2, (2, 2, 3, 1, 1)).shape)

(5, 2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 3)

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def unflatten(self, dim:int, sizes:tuple[int,...]) -> Tensor:
  """
  Unflattens dimension `dim` of the tensor into multiple dimensions specified by `sizes`. `Tensor.flatten()` is the inverse of this function.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(Tensor.ones(3, 4, 1).unflatten(1, (2, 2)).shape)
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(Tensor.ones(3, 4, 1).unflatten(1, (-1, 2)).shape)
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(Tensor.ones(5, 12, 3).unflatten(-2, (2, 2, 3, 1, 1)).shape)
  ```
  """
  dim = self._resolve_dim(dim)
  return self.reshape(self.shape[:dim] + sizes + self.shape[dim+1:])

diag

diag() -> Tensor

Returns a 2-D square tensor with the elements of input as the main diagonal.

print(Tensor([1, 2, 3]).diag().numpy())

[[1 0 0]
 [0 2 0]
 [0 0 3]]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def diag(self) -> Tensor:
  """
  Returns a 2-D square tensor with the elements of input as the main diagonal.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(Tensor([1, 2, 3]).diag().numpy())
  ```
  """
  if self.ndim != 1: raise ValueError(f"expect input to be 1-D, getting {self.ndim}-D")
  return self.unsqueeze(-1).pad((None,(0,n:=self.shape[0]))).flatten().shrink(((0,n*n),)).reshape(n,n)

roll

roll(
    shifts: int | tuple[int, ...],
    dims: int | tuple[int, ...],
) -> Tensor

Rolls the tensor along specified dimension(s). The rolling operation is circular, meaning that elements that go beyond the edge are wrapped around to the beginning of the dimension.

t = Tensor.arange(4)
print(t.roll(shifts=1, dims=0).numpy())

[3 0 1 2]

print(t.roll(shifts=-1, dims=0).numpy())

[1 2 3 0]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def roll(self, shifts:int|tuple[int, ...], dims:int|tuple[int, ...]) -> Tensor:
  """
  Rolls the tensor along specified dimension(s).
  The rolling operation is circular, meaning that elements that go beyond the edge are wrapped around to the beginning of the dimension.

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  t = Tensor.arange(4)
  print(t.roll(shifts=1, dims=0).numpy())
  ```
  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  print(t.roll(shifts=-1, dims=0).numpy())
  ```
  """
  dims, rolled = tuple(self._resolve_dim(d) for d in make_tuple(dims, 1)), self
  for dim, shift in zip(dims, make_tuple(shifts, 1)):
    shift = shift % self.shape[dim]
    rolled = Tensor.cat(rolled[tuple(slice(None) if i != dim else slice(-shift, None) for i in range(rolled.ndim))],
                        rolled[tuple(slice(None) if i != dim else slice(None, -shift) for i in range(rolled.ndim))], dim=dim)
  return rolled

rearrange

rearrange(formula: str, **sizes) -> Tensor

Rearranges input according to formula

See: https://einops.rocks/api/rearrange/

x = Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
print(Tensor.rearrange(x, "batch channel -> (batch channel)").numpy())

[1 2 3 4]

Source code in tinygrad/tensor.py

def rearrange(self, formula:str, **sizes) -> Tensor:
  """
  Rearranges input according to formula

  See: https://einops.rocks/api/rearrange/

  ```python exec="true" source="above" session="tensor" result="python"
  x = Tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
  print(Tensor.rearrange(x, "batch channel -> (batch channel)").numpy())
  ```
  """
  def parse_formula(formula: str):
    tokens = f" {formula} ".replace("…", "...").replace("(", " ( ").replace(")", " ) ").replace(" ", "  ").replace(" 1 ", " ( ) ").split()
    lparens, rparens = map(lambda x: [i for i, ch in enumerate(tokens) if ch == x], ("(", ")"))
    pairs = list(zip(lparens, rparens))
    assert len(lparens) == len(rparens) and sorted(flatten(pairs)) == flatten(pairs), "bracket mismatch"
    return [name for name in tokens if name not in ("(", ")")], [(s - 2*i, e - 1 - 2*i) for i, (s, e) in enumerate(pairs)]

  assert formula.count("->") == 1, 'need exactly one "->" in formula'

  (lhs, unflatten_dims), (rhs, flatten_dims) = map(parse_formula, formula.split("->"))

  for name in sizes: assert name in lhs, f"axis {name} is not used in transform"
  assert sorted(lhs) == sorted(rhs) and len(lhs) == len(set(lhs)), f"name mismatch in {formula}"
  for name in flatten((lhs, rhs)): assert name == "..." or (name.isidentifier() and "_" not in (name[0], name[-1])), f"invalid axis name {name}"
  assert "..." not in flatten([lhs[s:e] for s, e in unflatten_dims]), f"cannot have collapsed ellipsis (...) in lhs of {formula}"
  assert lhs.count("...") <= 1, f"too many ellipses in {formula}"

  # resolve ellipsis
  if "..." in lhs: ell_len = len(self.shape) - len(lhs) + 1 + sum(e - s - 1 for s, e in unflatten_dims)
  lhs, rhs = map(lambda l: l[:(i:=l.index("..."))] + [f"...{j}" for j in range(ell_len)] + l[i + 1:] if "..." in l else l, (lhs, rhs))
  unflatten_dims = [(s + (ell_len - 1 if "...0" in lhs[:s] else 0), e + (ell_len - 1 if "...0" in lhs[:e] else 0)) for s, e in unflatten_dims]
  flatten_dims = [(s + (ell_len - 1 if "...0" in rhs[:s] else 0), e + (ell_len - 1 if "...0" in rhs[:e] else 0)) for s, e in flatten_dims]

  # apply movement ops in order unflatten -> permute -> flatten/unsqueeze
  t = functools.reduce(lambda x, dims: x.unflatten(dims[0], tuple(sizes.get(lhs[d], -1) for d in range(*dims))), unflatten_dims, self)
  for i, name in enumerate(lhs): assert (name not in sizes) or sizes[name] == t.shape[i], f"size provided for dimension {name} incorrect"
  t = t.permute([lhs.index(name) for name in rhs])
  return functools.reduce(lambda x, dims: x.flatten(dims[0], dims[1] - 1) if dims[0]<dims[1] else x.unsqueeze(dims[0]), reversed(flatten_dims), t)